References#

[1]

Eleanor J. Molloy, Aoife Branagan, Tim Hurley, Fiona Quirke, Declan Devane, Petek E. Taneri, Mohamed El-Dib, Frank H. Bloomfield, Beccy Maeso, Betsy Pilon, Sonia L. Bonifacio, Courtney J. Wusthoff, Lina Chalak, Cynthia Bearer, Deirdre M. Murray, Nadia Badawi, Suzann Campbell, Sarah Mulkey, Pierre Gressens, Donna M. Ferriero, Linda S. de Vries, Karen Walker, Sarah Kay, Geraldine Boylan, Chris Gale, Nicola J. Robertson, Mary D’Alton, Alistair Gunn, and Karin B. Nelson. Neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy: moving from controversy to consensus definitions and subclassification. Pediatric Research, 94(6):1860–1863, December 2023. Publisher: Nature Publishing Group. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02775-z (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02775-z.

[2]

Fiona A. Quirke, Shabina Ariff, Malcolm R. Battin, Caitlin Bernard, Linda Biesty, Frank H. Bloomfield, Mandy Daly, Elaine Finucane, Patricia Healy, David M. Haas, Jamie J. Kirkham, Vincent Kibet, Sarah Koskei, Shireen Meher, Eleanor J. Molloy, Maira Niaz, Elaine Ní Bhraonáin, Christabell Omukagah Okaronon, Matthew J. Parkes, Farhana Tabassum, Karen Walker, James W. H. Webbe, and Declan Devane. COHESION: a core outcome set for the treatment of neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatric Research, 95(4):922–930, March 2024. Publisher: Nature Publishing Group. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02938-y (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02938-y.

[3]

Topun Austin, Nazakat Merchant, and Lydia Harrington. Guidelines for Management of Infants with Suspected Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE). East of England Neonatal Operation Devliery network, September 2021. URL: https://www.eoeneonatalpccsicnetwork.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/HIE-Guideline.pdf (visited on 2024-04-15).

[4]

Richard Klabunde. Ischemia and Hypoxia. January 2023. URL: https://cvphysiology.com/cad/cad005 (visited on 2024-04-15).

[5]

Bliss. Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). URL: https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy-hie (visited on 2024-04-15).

[6]

Corline E. J. Parmentier, Linda S. de Vries, and Floris Groenendaal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in (Near-)Term Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Diagnostics, 12(3):645, March 2022. Number: 3 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/3/645 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.3390/diagnostics12030645.

[7]

Kimberly A. Allen and Debra H. Brandon. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Pathophysiology and Experimental Treatments. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 11(3):125–133, September 2011. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1527336911001000 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2011.07.004.

[8]

Gyu Hong Shim. Which factors predict outcomes of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following therapeutic hypothermia? Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 64(4):169–171, April 2021. URL: http://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2020.01459 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.3345/cep.2020.01459.

[9]

Anna E. Törn, Susanne Hesselman, Kine Johansen, Johan Ågren, Anna-Karin Wikström, and Maria Jonsson. Outcomes in children after mild neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: A population-based cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 130(13):1602–1609, 2023. _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.17533. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1471-0528.17533 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17533.

[10]

HIE Help Center. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE): Signs and Symptoms. URL: https://hiehelpcenter.org/medical/identifying-hie/sign-symptoms/ (visited on 2024-04-15).

[11]

Wendy M. Leith, Maurice P. Zeegers, and Michael D. Freeman. A predictive model for perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy using linked maternal and neonatal hospital data. Annals of Epidemiology, 89:29–36, January 2024. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279723002247 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.11.011.

[12]

David Odd, Axel Heep, Karen Luyt, and Tim Draycott. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: Planned delivery before intrapartum events. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 10(4):347–353, December 2017. URL: https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/NPM-16152 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.3233/NPM-16152.

[13]

Robert D. Eden, Mark I. Evans, Shara M. Evans, and Barry S. Schifrin. The “Fetal Reserve Index”: Re-Engineering the Interpretation and Responses to Fetal Heart Rate Patterns. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, 43(2):90–104, June 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000475927 (visited on 2024-04-15), doi:10.1159/000475927.

[14]

Chris Gale, Eugene Stanikov, Sena Jawad, Sabita Uthaya, and Neena Modi. Brain injury occurring during or soon after birth: a report for the national maternity ambition commissioned by the Department of Health. Imperial College London, March 2017. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82446ced915d74e6236ad3/Report_on_brain_injury_occurring_during_or_soon_after_birth.pdf (visited on 2024-04-15).

[15]

Jan Willem Uffen, Harriet van Goor, Johannes Reitsma, Jan Jelrik Oosterheert, Marieke de Regt, and Karin Kaasjager. Retrospective study on the possible existence of a treatment paradox in sepsis scores in the emergency department. BMJ Open, 11(3):e046518, March 2021. Publisher: British Medical Journal Publishing Group Section: Emergency medicine. URL: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/3/e046518 (visited on 2024-04-26), doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046518.

[16]

Ana María Costa-Ramón, Ana Rodríguez-González, Miquel Serra-Burriel, and Carlos Campillo-Artero. It's about time: Cesarean sections and neonatal health. Journal of Health Economics, 59:46–59, May 2018. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629617307609 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.03.004.

[17]

Ana Costa-Ramón, Mika Kortelainen, Ana Rodríguez-González, and Lauri Sääksvuori. The Long-Run Effects of Cesarean Sections. Journal of Human Resources, 57(6):2048–2085, November 2022. Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Section: Articles. URL: https://jhr.uwpress.org/content/57/6/2048 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.3368/jhr.58.2.0719-10334R1.

[18]

David Card, Alessandra Fenizia, and David Silver. The Health Effects of Cesarean Delivery for Low-Risk First Births. April 2018. URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w24493 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.3386/w24493.

[19]

Vibeke Myrup Jensen and Miriam Wüst. Can Caesarean section improve child and maternal health? The case of breech babies. Journal of Health Economics, 39:289–302, January 2015. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629614000964 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.07.004.

[20]

Martin Halla, Harald Mayr, Gerald J. Pruckner, and Pilar García-Gómez. Cutting fertility? Effects of cesarean deliveries on subsequent fertility and maternal labor supply. Journal of Health Economics, 72:102325, July 2020. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629619303571 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102325.

[21]

Lorena Lúcia Costa Ladeira, Sarah Pereira Martins, Cayara Mattos Costa, Elizabeth Lima Costa, Rubenice Amaral da Silva, Fabian Calixto Fraiz, and Cecilia Claudia Costa Ribeiro. Caesarean delivery and early childhood caries: Estimation with marginal structural models in Brazilian pre-schoolers. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 49(6):602–608, 2021. _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cdoe.12634. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdoe.12634 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1111/cdoe.12634.

[22]

Valentina Tonei. Mother’s mental health after childbirth: Does the delivery method matter? Journal of Health Economics, 63:182–196, January 2019. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629617308937 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.11.006.

[23]

Nan Chen and Jay Pan. The causal effect of delivery volume on severe maternal morbidity: an instrumental variable analysis in Sichuan, China. BMJ Global Health, 7(5):e008428, May 2022. Publisher: BMJ Specialist Journals Section: Original research. URL: https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/5/e008428 (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008428.

[24]

Lilian Fernanda Pereira Cavalcante, Carolina Abreu de Carvalho, Luana Lopes Padilha, Poliana Cristina de Almeida Fonseca Viola, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, and Vanda Maria Ferreira Simões. Cesarean section and body mass index in children: is there a causal effect? Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 38:e00344020, April 2022. Publisher: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/5ZmFDBk8gxrbvMdDgYtfKGp/?lang=en (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1590/0102-311X00344020.

[25]

David J. Lederer, Scott C. Bell, Richard D. Branson, James D. Chalmers, Rachel Marshall, David M. Maslove, David E. Ost, Naresh M. Punjabi, Michael Schatz, Alan R. Smyth, Paul W. Stewart, Samy Suissa, Alex A. Adjei, Cezmi A. Akdis, Élie Azoulay, Jan Bakker, Zuhair K. Ballas, Philip G. Bardin, Esther Barreiro, Rinaldo Bellomo, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Vito Brusasco, Timothy G. Buchman, Sudhansu Chokroverty, Nancy A. Collop, James D. Crapo, Dominic A. Fitzgerald, Lauren Hale, Nicholas Hart, Felix J. Herth, Theodore J. Iwashyna, Gisli Jenkins, Martin Kolb, Guy B. Marks, Peter Mazzone, J. Randall Moorman, Thomas M. Murphy, Terry L. Noah, Paul Reynolds, Dieter Riemann, Richard E. Russell, Aziz Sheikh, Giovanni Sotgiu, Erik R. Swenson, Rhonda Szczesniak, Ronald Szymusiak, Jean-Louis Teboul, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Control of Confounding and Reporting of Results in Causal Inference Studies. Guidance for Authors from Editors of Respiratory, Sleep, and Critical Care Journals. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 16(1):22–28, January 2019. Publisher: American Thoracic Society - AJRCCM. URL: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201808-564PS (visited on 2024-04-29), doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201808-564PS.

[26]

Florian Hartig. Mediators, confounders, colliders – a crash course in causal inference. April 2019. URL: https://theoreticalecology.wordpress.com/2019/04/14/mediators-confounders-colliders-a-crash-course-in-causal-inference/ (visited on 2024-04-29).

[27]

Jason Hartford, Greg Lewis, Kevin Leyton-Brown, and Matt Taddy. Deep IV: A Flexible Approach for Counterfactual Prediction. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1414–1423. PMLR, July 2017. ISSN: 2640-3498. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/hartford17a.html (visited on 2024-04-26).

[28]

Liyuan Xu, Yutian Chen, Siddarth Srinivasan, Nando de Freitas, Arnaud Doucet, and Arthur Gretton. Learning Deep Features in Instrumental Variable Regression. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2021. URL: https://openreview.net/forum?id=sy4Kg_ZQmS7.