# Parental outcomes

Planned caesareans associated with lower risk of adverse maternal outcomes than unplanned.[[Murphy et al. 2019]](https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87311)

These are potential negative outcomes for the parent who has given birth.

Vaginal tearing or episiotomy

Third or fourth degree vaginal tear

Blood clots

Urinary invontinence

Anal incontinence